Location: Beit Shean

Subject:   Gan Eden

Written by: David Magence

Reish Lakish, one of the great Amoraim of Eretz Yisrael (3rd century CE) expressed his opinion that if the Garden of Eden is located within Eretz Yisrael, its entrance is Beit She'an. Reish Lakish's reasoning is the fact that Beit She'an is a very fertile area. Rashi comments that Beit She'an produces the sweetest fruit grown in the Land of Israel. [Gemara Bavli, Mesechet Eruvin 19a]

Beit She'an is an important archeological site, whose major features include:  a theater (used for drama and comedy performances), an amphitheater (used for gladiatorial combat), the largest ancient bath house uncovered in Israel and the remains of the main streets, dating to the Roman and Byzantine periods.

Rising above the ruins from these later periods is Tel Beit She'an, the site of Biblical Bet She'an, which yielded no fewer than eighteen separate strata of settlement, over the course of thirty centuries.

Location: Tiberias         

Subject: Tiberias Hot Springs

Written by: David Magence

Rashi quotes our Sages' observation [Bereishit Rabba, 33:4] that at the end of the Flood, not all springs were plugged up, since those which are necessary for the world were not closed. The example presented by the Midrash is the Tiberias Hot Springs.

While there are numerous hot springs within Israel, it is not surprising that the Sages refer specifically to the springs of Tiberias,  since they were in the city the Sages lived. Following the defeat of the Bar Kochva revolt (135 CE) the Romans made it a capital crime for a Jew to enter Jerusalem and the vicinity, and the Galil became the center of Jewish life in Israel, with Tiberias being the most important city. In fact, Tiberias was home to the greatest yeshiva of Eretz Yisrael during the Talmudic Period. Thus, our Sages were very familiar with the hot springs at the southern end of Tiberias.

At the Tiberias Hot Springs National Park, one can see (and smell) the water of the hot springs. A highlight of the national park is the remains of an ancient synagogue, with beautiful mosaic floors.

Location: Chevron  

Subject: Mearat Hamachpela

Written by: David Magence

The pesukim (Bereishit Perek 23 Pesukim 17-19) summarize the negotiations between Avaraham Aveinu and the Hittites for the purchase of Me'arat HaMachpela and its field, which was the first land purchased in Eretz Yisrael by our Forefathers.

The walls around the complex were built more than 2000 years ago, apparently by King Herod. The actual cave is beneath the floor level. There is an entrance to the cave within Ohel Yitzchak, but it is not open, and very few people have actually seen the cave.

Location: Yam Hamelach (Dead Sea)

Subject: Yam Hamelach

Written by: David Magence

Sedom and Amora were located along the shore of the Dead Sea. Lot chose Sedom because it was a very fertile area before Hashem destroyed Sedom and Amora. [Breishit Perek 13:Posuk 10]

Three Neviim (Yoel, Yirmiyahu, and Yechezkel) prophesized that in the Final Redemption, water will flow from the Beit Hamikdash to the Dead Sea, turning the water from the saltiest body of water in the world to a fresh water lake, with all kinds of fish flourishing in it and all types of fruit trees growing along its shores. Thus, the Dead Sea area will be returned to its flourishing status prior to the destruction of Sedom and Amora.

Location: Tel Dan (HaGalil)    

Subject: Tel Dan Nature Reserve

Written by: David Magence

In Avraham Avinu's campaign to rescue his nephew Lot, he and his three hundred and eighteen men chased the coalition of four kings to Dan.

At the Tel Dan Nature Reserve, one can see the gate to the city and walk the paths of the nature reserve, whose springs are the largest of the three sources of the Jordan River.

Location: Beit Guvrin      

Subject: Yitzchak's Blessing

Written by: David Magence

Midrash Bereishit Rabba [67:6] states that "from the dew of heaven" refer's to Beit Guvrin, which is a very fertile area. In fact, the blessing relates specifically to grain and wine. Approaching Beit Guvrin from the north, one passes wheat fields, and continuing south one passes vineyards, a reality which corresponds to the Midrash.

Within the Beit Guvrin National Park there are approximately 3000 man-made caves. Some were used as olive presses, others as cisterns or granaries, and some were used as hideouts during the Bar Kochva revolt.

Location: Beer Sheva      

Subject: Tel Sheva

Written by: David Magence

Approximately four kilometers east of modern Beer Sheva, is Tel Be'er Sheva, which some scholars identify as the biblical Beer Sheva. However, the earliest structural remains excavated dates to a period later of that of the Avot.

Perhaps the most interesting find in the excavations was a horned altar. In ancient times, the altar was dismantled and its stones used to build a store house. Based upon the archeologist's dating, it can be assumed that the altar was dismantled as part of the religious reform of KIng Chizkiyahu as related in Tanach [Melachim II Perek18 Posuk 4].

Outside the gate of Tel Be'er Sheva, there are remains of a sixty-nine meter (226 feet) deep well, which may be the well mentioned in connection with Avraham and Yitzchak Avinu.

Location: Beit Lechem      

Subject: Kever Rachel

Written by: David Magence

Parashat VaYishlach describes the death of Rachel Imeinu and her burial "On the road to Efrat, which is Bet Lehem."  Since the times of the Talmud, tradition has identified the Tomb of Rachel at the northern end of the city of Bet Lehem.

Today, the complex around the traditional tomb is built as a fortress. The inner structure was built by Sir Moses Montefiore (1784 – 1885). The tomb of Sir Moses and Lady Judith Montefiore in Ramsgate, England is an exact replica of the structure built over Rachel's Tomb.

One does not see the actual tomb, but a cenotaph (stone marker) above the tomb. The cenotaph is covered with a cloth on which are embroidered the words of Yirmiyahu's prophecy concerning Rachel Imeinu[31:14-16]:

"So says the Lord: A voice is heard on high, lamentation, bitter weeping, Rachel weeping for her children, she refuses to be comforted for her children for they are not. So says the Lord: Refrain your voice from weeping and your eyes from tears, for there is reward for your work, says the Lord, and they shall come back from the land of the enemy. And there is hope for your future, says the Lord, and the children shall return to their own border."

Location: Adullam

Subject: Adullam Park

Written by: David Magence

When Yehuda departed from his brothers after the sale of Yosef, he resided in the Adullam region (Bereishit Perek 38 Pousk 1).

The king of Adullam is mentioned in the list of the 31 kings Yehoshua defeated in the conquest of Eretz Yisrael (Yehoshua Perek 12 Posuk 15).

Centuries after Yehuda reached Adullam, his descendent David found refuge in the Cave of Adullam before becoming the king of Yehudah (Shmuel I Perek 22 Posuk 1). The Adullam Park contains numerous caves, most likely including the cave in which David hid.

During the Bar Kochva revolt, many of the caves of Adullam were used by Jews to hide from the Roman army.

Location: Ein Gedi

Subject: Tzori

Written by: David Magence

Tzori (balm) was highly valued in the ancient world, both as a spice and for its medicinal value. Tzori was grown largely in Eretz Yisrael, specifically in Ein Gedi and Yericho.

South of the Ein Gedi Nature Reserve, archeologists uncovered the remains of an ancient synagogue. One of the mosaic inscriptions, apparently from the 5th century CE, includes a curse of anyone who "reveals the secret of the town." The suggestion is that the secret refers to the techniques of growing Tzori.

Location: Yishuv Etz Efraim

Subject: Yishuv Etz Efraim

Reference: Haftarah of Vayigash, Yechezkel Perek 37 Posuk 16

Written by: David Magence

Etz Efraim is the name of a modern Yishuv in the Shomron, which was established in 1985. The name is taken from the opening posuk of the parasha's haftarah, and was chosen both because the yishuv was established Motzaei Shabbat Vayigash and because of the fact that it is in the portion of Shevet Efraim. The population of the Yishuv is mixed, including religious and secular Jews, and perhaps this fits the prophecy of Yechezkel of unity (posuk 19).

In ancient times, the area was agricultural land in Shevet Efraim, and indeed in proximity to the Yishuv, there are remains of ancient agricultural structures, including shomerot - watch towers used for storing and protecting the agricultural produce.

Location: Ir David 

Subject: Kever David

Reference: Haftarah of Vayechi; Melachim I Perek 2 Posuk 10

Written by: David Magence

While for the last 1500 years, tradition identifies Kever David on Har Tzion, the implication of the pesukim is that David HaMelech was buried within his city, Ir David. It is clear that Har Tzion was outside the walls of Ir David.

The "first Jewish excavations in Israel" (the excavations took place in Ir David, were funded by the Rothschild family, and the head archeologist was Raymond Weil, a French Jew) uncovered remains which may be the actual Kever David.

Unfortunately, the area was used as a quarry during the Roman and Byzantine periods, and it is impossible to know with certainty what was there at the time of David HaMelech.

However, the advantage of this suggestion is that  it locates Kever David within Ir David in accordance with the "peshat" (simple meaning) of the pesukim.

Today, it is possible to see these remains while touring Ir David.

Location: Hula Nature Reserve

Subject: Papyrus (Gomeh)

Reference: Sefer Shemot Perek 2 Posuk 3

Written by: David Magence

Among the hundreds of species of Gomeh , it is accepted that Yocheved made the basket for her infant son Moshe out of papyrus.

Today,  papyrus can be found in the Hula Nature Reserve, the first nature reserve established in the State of Israel in 1964. In fact, it is not truely a nature reserve, rather a reconstruction of the Hula swamps.

In the 1950's, Israel drained Lake Hula and its swamps to create agricultral land. Due to the lobbying of conservationists, it was decided to recreate swamps in a small portion of the area, and papyrus was re-planted.

Location: Nachal Taninim Nature Reserve

Subject: Taninim (crocodiles)

Reference: Sefer Shemot Perek 7 Posuk 9

Written by: David Magence

Although Rashi and other commentaries translate "tanin" as a snake, Onkelos translates "tanin" as crocodile.

While crocodiles are not found in Israel today, their memory is preserved in Nachal Taninim, which is north of Caesarea. Nachal Taninim is a perennial stream, which currently is the only non-polluted stream which flows into the Mediterranean Sea, and is named for the crocodiles which lived in the area until they were hunted into extinction. The last crocodile seen in Nachal Taninim was in 1912.

Legend (which is unconfirmed) says that the crocodiles were brought by the Romans 2000 years ago for gladiatorial combat in the nearby amphitheaters of Caesarea and Shuni.

It is possible to walk along the banks of Nachal Taninim to the point where it flows into the Mediterranean.

Location: Kochav HaYarden National Park

Subject: Bonfires to announce Kiddush HaChodesh

Reference: Mesechet Rosh Hashana Perek 2 Mishnayot 2-4

Written by: David Magence

Parashat Bo presents the first mitzvah which was given to Israel as a nation, Kiddush HaChodesh. In ancient times, when the Sanhedrin sanctified the new months, they would light bonfires on specific mountain tops to announce the new month (Mishna Rosh Hashana 2:2-4). In this manner, even without modern communication techniques, it was possible to inform Jewish communities not only in Israel but in the diaspora as well, that the new month had begun

The third bonfire station was known as Grofina (ibid., Mishna 4). One of the suggestions for the location of Grofina is Kochav HaYarden, which rises above the northern end of the Jordan Valley. On the slope of the mountain, there are remains of the ancient Jewish community of Kochav, which existed during the period of the Mishna and Talmud.

On the heights of Kochav HaYarden, are the remains of a Crusader fortress named Belvoir (the French translates as "Beautiful View"). Indeed, there is a beautiful view of the southern part of the Kineret and the northern portion of the Jordan Valley. Clearly, the strategic view from Kochav HaYarden is the reason Chazal (our Sages) and the Crusaders chose this hill.

While visiting the remains of the fortress, one can see that the Crusaders used stones from the remains of the Jewish community  Kochav. In particular, a stone engraved with a menorah was used as part of the doorpost of the western gate of the fortress.

Location: Laturn

Subject: Merkava

Reference: Sefer Shemot Perek 15 Posuk 4

Written by: David Magence

The chariot is the ancient version of the modern tank. In fact, the Israeli designed and manufactured main battle tank is called Merkava (chariot).

At Laturn, the main memorial site for Israel's Armored Corps, the ancient and modern merkavot are on display; the modern merkava is an actual tank, and the ancient Egyptian and Israelite chariots are models based upon graphic evidence. The model of the Egyptian chariot is based upon a painting in an ancient pyramid, and the Israelite chariot is based upon a three dimensional depiction of the battle of Lachish during the time of the Assyrian king Sancheiriv.

Location: Tzidkiyahu's Cave

Subject: Tzidkiyahu's Cave

Reference:  Haftara of Mishpatim; Yirmiyahu Perek 34 Posuk 21

Written by: David Magence

In the Haftara of Mishpatim, Yirmiyahu prophesied a bitter end for King Tzidkiyahu, the last king of the Davidic dynasty until the arrival of Mashiach.

In fact, as Yerushalayim was being captured by the Babylonians,Tzidkiyahu escaped the city, only to be caught in the plains of Yericho (Melachim II Perek 25 Posuk 5).

Rashi (Sefer Yechezkel Perek 12 Posuk 13) cites a tradition that Tzidkiyahu escaped through a cave, whose western end was near the royal palace and eastern end at the plains of Yericho.

What today is called "Tzidkiyahu's Cave" is located beneath the walls of the Old City of Yerushalayim, between the Damascus gate and Herod's gate. However, since this cave has no exit, it cannot be the cave through which Tzidkiyahu attempted to escape.

In fact, the cave is a by-product of quarrying. Based upon the archeological evidence, it is clear that the quarrying was done during the Second Beit Hamikdash period. It is likely that this quarry was the major source of building stones for Herod’s expansion of Har HaBayit, including the Kotel HaMaaravi.

In fact, the cave is a by-product of quarrying. Based upon the archeological evidence, it is clear that the quarrying was done during the Second Beit Hamikdash period. It is likely that this quarry was the major source of building stones for Herod’s expansion of Har HaBayit, including the Kotel HaMaaravi.

There are differing opinions concerning the possibility that quarrying was done there during the First Beit HaMikdash period.

Location: Tel Shilo

Subject: Mishkan (Tabernacle)

Reference:  Sefer Shemot Perek 26 Posuk 1

Written by: David Magence

After Am Yisrael crossed the Jordan River to enter Eretz Yisrael, the Mishkan was erected in Gilgal, where it stood during the 14 years of conquest and division of the Land.

Afterwards, the Mishkan was built in Shilo where it stood for 369 years. Unlike the Mishkan of the wilderness and of Gilgal, the Mishkan in Shilo was a stone structure without a roof, which was covered by the yeriot (curtains) which are described in Parashat Terumah.

Tel Shilo was first excavated more than a century ago, and the excavations have been renewed and are ongoing. At the northern end of the Tel, there is a flat area carved out of the rock, whose dimensions accomodate the Mishkan and its courtyard, and is therefore assumed to be the actual site of the Mishkan.

Location: Radar Hill (Har Adar)

Subject: Harel Brigade Monument

Reference:  Sefer Yechezkiel Perek 43 Posuk 15 (Haftora of Tezaveh)

Written by: David Magence

The Haftara of Tetzaveh (when the parasha does not coincide with Shabbat Zachor) refers to the "Harel", which is generally translated as the "hearth" of the altar, though Rashi defines it as the top of the mizbeach. Ibn Ezra comments that "Harel" is one of the names of Yerushalayim.

During the War of Independence, the Palmach, the elite unit of the Hagana, established the Harel Brigade. The name was chosen because the brigade was designated to fight in the Yerushalayim area.

Radar Hill, so named because the British built a radar facility there, is one of the strategic hills controlling the approach to Yerushalayim.

In the War of Independence, the Harel Brigade attacked but failed to liberate Radar Hill.

During the Six Day War, the Harel Armored Brigade succeeded in liberating the Hill.

Today, one can visit the Harel Brigade Monument at  Radar Hill, seeing remains of the Jordanian trenches and bunkers and Israeli tanks and armored vehicles which overcame those fortifications. Climbing up to the top of the monument affords a beautiful view of the approach to Yerushalayim and conveys the strategic importance of the hill.

Location: Davidson Center

Subject: Machatzit Hashekel

Reference:  Sefer Shemot: Perek 30 Posuk 13

Written by: David Magence

Location: Eshel HaShomron Hotel, Ariel

Subject: Mishkan (Tabernacle)

Reference: Sefer Shemot Perek 35 Posuk 11-18

Written by: David Magence

The Eshel Hashomron Hotel, the only Jewish owned hotel in Samaria, has a biblical garden, which presents scenes from Tanach, from the Avot through Eliyahu Hanavi.

The highlight of the biblical garden is a full-sized replica of the Mishkan, including the courtyards and the vessels of the Mishkan.

In accordance with the Torah's description, the Mishkan itself is divided into the Kodesh (Holy) and Kodesh Kodashim (Holy of Holies). Within the Kodesh are replicas of the Menorah, Shulchan and Mizbeach Haketoret. Within the Kodesh HaKodashim, is a replica of the Aron HaBrit.

Location: Gei  Ben Hinom (opposite Birkat HaSultan [the Sultan's Pool]) 

Subject: Gei  Ben Hinom

Reference: Haftorah of Parashat Tzav, Yirmiyahu Perek 7 Pesukim 31-32

Written by: David Magence

As Yirmiyahu makes clear, Gei Ben Hinom was a place where child sacrifice was practiced. While the Torah abhors any form of idolatry, child sacrifice is the ultimate evil.

Therefore, in pasuk 32, Yirmiyahu prophesizes that the valley will be known as "Gei HaHarayga" ("Valley of Killing," in Hebrew a play on words of Gei Ben Hinom).

Gei Ben Hinom is mentioned in Tanach also as a point on the border between the tribes of Binyamin and Yehuda (Sefer Yehoshua Perek 15 pasuk 8).

Location: Megilat HaEish (Scroll of Fire)

Subject: Navi Yechezkel's prophecy of the Valley of the Dry Bones

Sefer Yechezkel Perek 37 Pesukim 1-14

Written by: David Magence

The haftarah of Shabbat Chol HaMoed Pesach is the Navi Yechezkel's vision in the Valley of the Dry Bones. (Years in which Pesach begins Motzaei Shabbat, there is no Shabbat Chol HaMoed). In the prophecy, the Navi Yechezkel saw dry bones coming together and being brought back to life. The pinnacle of the prophecy is HASHEM's instruction to Yechezkel to tell Am Yisrael: "I open your graves and bring you up from your graves and bring you home to the Land of Israel". The Scroll of Fire, a magnificent sculpture located in the Martyr's Forest, tells the story of recent Jewish history, from the Shoah (Holocaust) to the establishment of the State of Israel and the reunification of Yerushalayim. The posuk which adorns the sculpture is the posuk quoted above. A recurring theme of the sculpture is the mother and child, who together survive the Holocaust to be privileged to ascend to the Land of Israel and to eat of the fruit of which the Torah praises the Land. The sculpture, the work of the late Natan Yaakov Rapaport, presents a view of Jewish history based upon the sincere belief that it is guided by HASHEM Himself.

Location: Katzrin Talmudic Village

Subject: Tanur and Kirayim (the ancient stove and oven)

Reference: Sefer Vayikra Perek 11 Posuk 35

Written by: David Magence

On the outskirts of the modern town of Katzrin in the Golan Heights, archeologists excavated the remains of a Jewish agricultural village dated to the Talmudic period.

Some of the homes excavated have been partially reconstructed and replicas of ancient tools and household furnishings have been added.

In the courtyard of one of the reconstructed homes, one can see the reconstructed "tanur" (oven) and "kirayim" (stove) in Parashat Shemini.

The village also holds the remains of an ancient synagogue, or more exactly, a number of synagogues built on the same site over the course of several centuries.